Balloon And Moon

On the Friday evening of June 24, 2015, shortly after releasing the balloon for the synoptic flight, I decided to photograph the weather balloon before it became too distant as I wanted a clear photo of it in the sky.

The moon was out that evening and the balloon floated it's way into close proximity to it, well at least relative to my field of view.

Moon And Balloon
By: Maher A. Haddad

Zoomed in at 200mm, I managed to capture the photo shown above. At full magnification, on can not only see the craters on the moon, but the entire flight train on the weather balloon is visible as one can see the twine, parachute, and radiosonde.

Equipment
                              
Settings
Canon 60D
1/400 second exposure
EF-S 18-200mm f/3.5-5.6
100 ISO

Thunderstorm At PTI

On June 20, 2015, while prepping a weather balloon to release, I enjoyed a beautiful thunderstorm in the distance.

Thunderstorm At PTI
By: Maher A. Haddad

The photo was taken from the Greensboro Upper Air Site, at Piedmont Triad International Airport. It is strictly prohibited to release a weather balloon into a thunderstorm due to safety issues as well as unusable data for synoptic purposes. Fortunately, I still had around 30 minutes before release time so it was not an issue that evening.

Equipment
                              
Settings
Canon 60D
1/2000 second exposure
Tokina 11-16mmf/2.8
100 ISO

Cross And Stars

Back in May, I attended a singles church conference at Seabrook Island, south of Charlestown, SC and had the opportunity to test my new Tokina wide angle lens against a starry sky. 

Cross And Starry Sky
By: Maher A. Haddad
Photo Taken On May 16, 2015

The above image is cropped to give it a panoramic appearance, and flipped horizontally. Below is a cropped version showing the cross.

Cross And Starry Sky
Portrait View

Here is what the original aspect ratio looks like:

Cross And Starry Sky
Original Aspect Ratio

Equipment
                              
Settings
Canon 60D30 second exposure
Tokina 11-16mmf/2.81600 ISO

Another thing to add is that the fence in the foreground is illuminated by light from a cell phone. It was late at night, around 10:00 pm, and the sky was pitch black. Nevertheless, the long exposure and shooting at f/2.8 revealed an illuminated horizon from what vestige of backscatter of sunlight was still available that our eyes could not resolve.

Why Diesels Are Better Than Hybrids

Disregarding CO2 emissions, which I do not believe is detrimental, there is a push for more fuel efficient cars to be on the road. A study done in California in the early 1990's revealed that an older, well maintained car can have fewer NOx emissions than a newer, poorly maintained car. Nevertheless, the idea of getting older cars off the road to make room for newer, more efficient cars has infiltrated the mindset of the general, willfully ignorant, American public who have succumbed to the false doctrines preached by the liberal leeches of society.

The cash for clunkers program which ran a few years ago was aimed specifically to target older cars in an effort to "jump start" the economy. This too was a control scheme imposed by the liberal agenda. Older cars that were traded in for newer, and uglier body styles, were not shipped to 3rd world countries where they would have helped more people get around. Neither were they used to increase the selection of used vehicles for people in this country who needed a car but couldn't afford a new one. Instead, pulverized glass or metal shavings were put into the engines to ruin the cars and they were left to rust in junk and scrap yards across the country. This in no way helped people who couldn't afford an expensive car as it resulted in fewer used cars for sale. This drove the used car prices up making them unaffordable for people who needed a car to get around. The end result is that the liberals, who claim to be on the poor's side, have left them to fend for themselves.

While many newer cars that have replaced these "clunkers" tend to be more fuel efficient hybrids, they are not the answer to higher gas prices. A couple reasons are that they are generally underpowered and have an outrageously expensive battery taking up valuable real estate in the trunk of the car. Another reason to not get a hybrid is that they have both a gas powered engine and an electric motor. When more technology goes into a car it creates additional systems. So in addition to a gas drive system, a hybrid has an electric drive system, and another system to toggle between the two. This means that hybrids have many more additions, or things to break down in the future. Is it worth getting slightly more miles per gallon then the most fuel efficient non hybrid gasoline vehicles which are also highly underpowered? No. What little savings one gets at the pump are amplified severely with potentially more costly repairs in the future as well as having to replace a $6,000 battery every 8 years or so. Moreover, the additional energy required to produce the additional systems required in a hybrid means that more pollutants are being pumped into the atmosphere during the manufacturing process. So in an effort to reduce the pollutants by trying to make more fuel efficient vehicles, more emissions are being released.
While the idea of a more fuel efficient car is easier on the wallet at the pump, the main reason the government raises fuel efficiency standards is because the EPA has gone off the deep end with relation to CO2 emissions. The most significant greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere are water vapor, ozone, and methane. CO2 makes up less then a percentage of the atmosphere. Studies have also suggested that any CO2 induced warming that may occur eventually plateaus and does not further increase warming. This is quite reasonable based on the earth's energy budget with regard to the levels of insolation at different latitudes due to the curvature of the earth, along with the fact that the equatorial regions are not the hottest places on earth but rather, roughly 30˚ North/South latitude. All CO2 has done was to make Gore richer than Romney.

Plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere while decaying things release CO2 back into the atmosphere. Consequently, there is less CO2 during the warmer months as vegetation grows then during the cold winters, when the fallen foliage begins to decay. Because of this concept, there is a push to produce ethanol as a gasoline substitute. Since ethanol is produced from grains, the CO2 generated from the combustion isn't adding anything to the atmosphere that wasn't there a season earlier, whereas fossil fuels which are mined from the ground. Also, ethanol tends to reduce the life of an engine so it will cause people to replace their vehicles more often, resulting in more resources being consumed to manufacture more cars than what would have been necessary.

Fossil fuels shouldn't be an issue in the first place. After all, the current climate of today which we would consider the norm, likely wasn't the norm in the past. Burning fossil fuels is just releasing carbon back into the environment it was in in the past. It requires 10% or more of the atmosphere to be composed of CO2 for it to be toxic and I would argue that 3% would be optimal as it was thought that the atmosphere had 3% CO2 at one time.

Even though the concept of CO2 emissions being harmful is a fabricated issue, diesel is still a better alternative fuel to gasoline. Unlike gasoline engines which rely on horsepower, diesel engines rely on torque, giving them greater power as they go up hills, that their net fuel economy is equal to and usually greater than hybrids, without being underpowered and having more systems to drive the car.

Unlike gasoline that can be substituted for ethanol, which in doing so would also drive up the cost of grains, thus making people in starving nations starve even more to where they loose enough weight to the point that they disappear, diesel can be easily and safely manufactured in one's own home. It is true that newer cars are designed for clean diesel, and biodiesel will ruin the emissions controls of a car. Of course the emissions controls are the least of one's worries when anarchy breaks loose next month after the dollar collapses and no longer becomes the world reserve currency thanks to Bernanke's printing spree. Emissions controls also reduce fuel economy slightly so whatever reduced emissions a car may output is made up for by greater fuel consumption. Try telling that to the EPA. They don't care.

Diesel can easily be manufactured from vegetable oil in a process that is easier and safer than running a meth lab. Also, a few years ago, a guy in Pennsylvania came up with a process where it can also be manufactured from any biomass, including trash by simply mixing the trash with water in a pressure cooker and then siphoning portions of the slurry and converting it into biodiesel. Goodbye lawn clippings. Hello diesel.

While gasoline is not a renewable resource and ethanol competes against feeding the hungry, diesel is a renewable resource. Moreover, due to the greater torque which results in lower rpm's a diesel engine can last much longer than a gasoline engine. It also means that a diesel engine can go 10,000 miles between oil changes. It's great spending less time at the mechanic for regular maintenance.

Of course, a diesel engine can also produce fuel economy that is superior to a hybrid's. The secret is to accelerate slowly, and to coast. Of course I would not recommend being an annoying driver that doesn't accommodate their speed when other drivers are on the road. Simply time your commute away from rush hour and take roads with less traffic. Of course when one cannot do these simple steps, one will have to resort to a fuel economy in the mid-40mpg range. This is still better than most hybrids.


Weather Basics - Land To Sea Interactions

Have you ever been to the beach and enjoyed the sea breeze? Have you observed it blowing out to sea at times and at other times blowing on to the land? These sea breezes are a result of the different rates of warming and cooling between the land and the sea.



It takes a lot of energy to warm water compared to land. Consequently it also takes a longer amount of time for that energy to be released from the water. During the day both the land and the sea are absorbing energy from the sun but in the evening they are re-radiating that energy back into outer space at infrared wavelengths.

When the sun begins to heat the earth in the morning, the land will rise in temperature faster than the oceans. Therefore, since hot air rises, the air above the land will rise and air from above the water will move in onto the land to fill the void created from that air rising.

As the sun sets, the wind blowing from the sea will slow down, then stop, and reverse direction. This is due to the fact that the land will also cool faster than the sea. So when the sun sets, it is no longer absorbing energy from the sun. The sea however remains warmer than the land since it doesn't cool as fast. Therefore, the air above the water will begin to rise and air from the land will move out to sea to fill in the void over the water.

Weather Basics - Albedo

One of the terms used in the earth sciences, which includes meteorology and to a greater extent climatology, is Albedo-not to be confused with the other word. It is simply a reflection coefficient.



Objects tend to absorb light as various wavelengths and reflect light at others. That is why we have colors. An object that absorbs most of the light and reflects very little will have a lower albedo than an object that reflects most of the light it receives.
 
If an object absorbed all of the light it received, then it would have an albedo of 0. If it reflected all of the light it received, then it would have an albedo of 1. Most objects fall in between. The oceans can have an albedo as low as .07 while fresh snow can have an albedo as high of .9 or .95.

Weather Basics - The Layers Of The Atmosphere

Have you ever wondered where the Ozone Layer is or how high must one go to get to the Stratosphere? What about other layers of the atmosphere? In this video I explain the layers of the atmosphere as well as their boundaries and why we have these different, distinct layers.



The lower atmosphere, the part we live in, is known as the troposphere. This is the layer where most of the weather patterns occur in. Weather can also occur in the lowest part of the stratosphere due to the intense updrafts from severe thunderstorms. In the troposphere, the temperature drops with height.

Directly above the troposphere lies the stratosphere. The boundary between the stratosphere and the troposphere is known as the tropopause. The tropopause height will vary with latitude, seasons, and also on a daily basis as the atmosphere "breathes". The lower portions of the stratosphere is also known as the ozone layer since it is mostly composed of Ozone. Ozone is highly reactive and therefore heat is a byproduct of the chemical reactions occurring in the ozone layer due to the high ozone presence. Therefore, in the stratosphere, the temperature rises with height.

Above the stratosphere, lie the mesosphere, and the thermosphere. These two layers are extremely thin that nothing much occurs there, other then auroras in the thermosphere, and meteors in the mesosphere. Also, many satellites in near earth orbit are actually in the thermosphere. While it is technically referred to as part of earth's atmosphere, it is essentially outer space. The only difference is that there are random air molecules floating around zipping past each other. While one floating the thermosphere would feel extremely cold, the temperatures can rise to above 1,000˚C. This is not a temperature one feels but more of a temperature derived from the fact that the air molecules are moving so fast due to very little friction slowing them down at that altitude.

Weather Basics - Hot Air Rises

Have you ever wondered why hot air rises? Wonder no more. This video explains the simple process of why hot air rises.



If a parcel of air becomes warmer then it's environment, it will rise. This is due to the fact that temperature is a measure of molecular activity. The hotter a parcel air gets, the faster the air molecules within that parcel are moving. Therefore the harder they bump into each other and the further they deflect from each other. This causes the parcel of air to want to expand.

If 100 air molecules were contained in 1 cubic centimeter of volume and it began to occupy 2 cubic centimeters of volume, it will become less dense then the surrounding air which would have also been around 1 cubic centimeter of volume. Therefore, being less dense it will want to float, like ice does on water.

This will cause that parcel of air to rise and in doing so it will begin to cool.

Weather Basics

For those wanting to learn a little more about the different processes that help create our weather patterns or just more general things about meteorology, your want is ended. I have a bunch of lessons posted where I explain different concepts.


There is now no need to just wonder why hot air rises or why Lebanon has snow-capped peaks whereas next door in Syria, it is desert. I hope you find these lessons highly informative and entertaining as well.

Enjoy.

About

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Thank you.


Photo taken with Canon SD900